Haydar el-Herevî Horasan’dan Osmanlı topraklarına gelen önemli âlimlerdendir. Teftâzânî’nin şeçkin bir talebesi olan bu âlim I. Mehmed’ten büyük saygı görerek onun tarafından himaye edilmiştir. Herevî, Zemahşerî’nin el-Keşşâf’ı üzerine yazdığı şerhi büyük övgü ifadeleriyle I. Mehmed’e ithaf etmiş, ithafın yer aldığı mukaddimede hayat hikayesiyle ilgili önemli ayrıntılar vermiştir. Osmanlı topraklarında geçirdiği uzun yıllar sonra Timur’un oğlu Şahruh ile irtibat kuran Herevî, el-Keşşâf şerhi mukaddimesini tekrardan kaleme alarak aynı eseri bu sefer Şahruh’a ithaf etmiştir. Herevî’nin bu yeni patronaj ilişkisi mukaddimenin ikinci versiyonundan (...) öğrenilmektedir. İkinci versiyonda sadece ithaf kısmı değiştirilmemiş, yeni haminin kimliğiyle irtibatlı olarak muhteva da yeni- den kurgulanmıştır. İlk versiyonda bulunmayan önemli biyografik ayrıntılar ikinci versiyonda yer almaktadır. Mukaddimenin iki versiyonu Herevî biyografisinin neredeyse yegâne kaynağıdır. Bu makalede mukaddimenin ikinci versiyonu ilk defa gün yüzüne çıkarılmış ve her iki versiyonda verilen bilgiler bir araya getirilerek Herevî’nin biyografisi inşa edilmiştir. İki versiyonda herhangi bir tarih verilmemiş, sadece bazı şehirlerdeki ikamet süreleri belirtilmiştir. Biyografi inşa edilirken anlatıda oluşan boşluklar tarihi olaylardan hareketle doldurulmuş ve tarihlendirme yapılmıştır. Bahsedilen olaylar, yapılan nitelemeler ve verilen ikamet süreleri itibara alınarak Herevî’nin hayatının yaklaşık kırk yıllık bölümü tam olarak tarihlendirilmiş, Serahs’tan başlayarak sırasıyla Şîraz, Tebriz, Şirvan, Bursa, Edirne ve tekrar Horasan’a uzanan yıllara dair bütünlüklü bir tablo ortaya konulmuştur. Bu hayat hikayesi ulema-sultan ilişkileri, siyasî gelişmelerin ilim hayatına yansımaları ve hayatını ilim yolculuklarında geçiren bir âlimin zihin dünyası hakkında eşsiz bilgiler sunmaktadır. (shrink)

This article considers the issues of adaptation and organization of the educational process, barrier-free environment and readiness for professional activity of students with disabilities in inclusive education in conditions of inclusive education in a medical university. The relevance of this work is determined by one of the priority areas of state policy in the field of higher education – access to higher education for people with disabilities in inclusive education. Inclusive education at the university is designed to ensure not only (...) the realization of the right of students with disabilities in inclusive education to higher education, but also to solve the problems of socialization and professional demand for such people. In order to improve the process of introducing inclusive education at the Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, a study was conducted, the main problems and ways of solving them were identified, related to the organization of the educational process, the conditions of the barrier-free environment and the readiness for professional activity of students with disabilities in inclusive education. An increase in the proportion of university teachers who have undergone advanced training in inclusive education also contributes to solving problems. Adaptation of educational programs and educational and methodological support for persons with disabilities includes psychological, pedagogical and tutor support etc. The organization of the educational process using distance education technologies is one of the priority conditions for teaching students with disabilities and/or HIA. The use of this technology makes it possible to significant-ly expand and modify some educational standards for students with disabilities in inclusive education, namely, to create an individual way for each student with disabilities in inclusive education in a medical university. It is proposed to use training techniques such as: online consultation of teachers; VR technologies; availability of training materials 24/7; online webinars that facilitate the inclusion of such students in the educational and research activities of the university. The professionally organized educational space and educational process of the university provide not only a high level of mastery of professional competencies, but also contribute to the formation of personal qualities of students with disabilities in inclusive education, necessary for their successful socialization, life and activity in society. (shrink)

BackgroundBurnout is a syndrome that results from stressors in the work environment that have not been successfully managed. The prevalence of burnout among schoolteachers was always controversial. COVID-19 pandemic added more stressors to teachers since they had to change their working styles in response to the pandemic lockdowns or curfews. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence and determinants of burnout among school teachers were not measured by any other group during the COVID-19 pandemic stressors.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 879 teachers (...) in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, during April 2021. Multistage cluster random sampling was used.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 41.4 years. Male teachers represented 52.6% of the participants while females represented 47.4%. Most teachers showed burnout symptoms. Consequences of burnout were observed, such as using psychotropic medications, absenteeism, lack of job satisfaction, and changing schools. Using the MBI scale, most teachers showed medium or high emotional exhaustion, low depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment.ConclusionMost teachers showed symptoms of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Being an expert and ability to adapt to technology during the COVID-19 pandemic proved to effectively reduce burnout symptoms. Increasing incentives, early detection, and improving the work environment is recommended to diminish burnout consequences. (shrink)

In this paper, a mathematical model was used to evaluate a dynamical hybrid system for optimizing and controlling the efficacy of plant-based protein in aquafeeds. Fishmeal, raw rapeseed meal, and a fermented meal with yeast and fungi were used as test ingredients for the determination of apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, energy, and essential amino acids for olive flounder using diets containing 0.5% Cr2O3 as an inert indicator. Among all ingredients tested, FM had the maximum (...) ADC of dry matter, and energy. Fermented meals showed higher ADC. Amino acid digestibility reflects protein digestibility in most cases. Interestingly, protease, lipase, and amylase activities were better expressed in RM-Koji, RM-Yeast, and FM over RM, respectively. The current results deliver important information on nutrients and energy bioavailability in raw and fermented RM, which can be implemented to accurately formulate applied feeds for olive flounder. Compared with other applicable systems, the complexity of the approach implemented has been considerably reduced. (shrink)

En contra de les aparences, la meva intenció és ridiculitzar i desactivar l’estratègic ús de referències a personatges de ficció per part dels mass media, els quals pretenen identificar el fundador de WikiLeaks amb tot aquest projecte —quelcom que facilita tant la deslegitimació com la mercantilització. Així, aquest article qüestiona la dominant personalització de la web de filtracions en Julian Assange, tot mostrant algunes de les més rellevants diferències i/o contradiccions entre el rerefons normatiu de WikiLeaks i la pseudo-filosofia política (...) de l’australià. La meva tesi és que la justificació de la il·legal revelació d’informació secreta i confidencial com a pràctica de desobediència civil es posa en perill per la contaminació de postulats utilitaristes i neoliberals. (shrink)

Bu makalenin [amacı], Osmanlı âlimlerinden Dâvûd Karsî’ye (ö. 1756 [?]) ait el-Îsâgûcî el-Cedîd’in t kikli neşrini ortaya koymaktır. Tahkik çalışması; eserin geniş bağlamını, müellifinin biyografisine genel bir bakışı ve içeriğinin bir incelemesiyle birlikte Ebherî’nin (ö. 663/1265) daha eski Îsâğûcî’si ile bir karşılaştırmasını içeren bir giriş ile başlamaktadır. Ebherî’nin orijinalinden yaklaşık iki kat daha uzun olan Karsî’nin eseri, 13. yüzyıldan itibaren Arabî mantık geleneğinde meydana gelen bazı önemli tartışmaların bir göstergesi konumundadır. Eser, müellifn kendi yapıtının, daha eski bir el kitabının “yeni” (...) (cedîd) bir versiyonu olduğunu vurgulaması bakımından da dikkate değerdir ki bu, 18. yüzyılın ortalarında bir Osmanlı medrese âlimi tarafından cedîd kavramına biçilen olumlu değere işaret etmektedir. (shrink)

The ternary xV2O5–(40 − x)Li2O–60B2O3 glass system, where x = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 mol%, was prepared by normal quenching. Ultrasonic velocities and attenuation were measured at room temperature using a pulse-echo technique. Various parameters, such as elastic moduli, micro-hardness, Poisson's ratio and Debye temperature, were determined from the measured densities and velocities. The composition dependence of these parameters, in addition to the glass-transition temperature, suggested that vanadium ions were incorporated into these glasses as a network modifier, resulting (...) in the reconversion of BO4 tetrahedra to BO3 triangles by the breaking of B–O–B linkages and the formation of nonbridging oxygens (NBOs). The outcome was a reduction in network connectivity and rigidity with increasing V2O5 content. The results are explained quantitatively in terms of fractal bond connectivity, average atomic volume, network dimensionality, packing density, number of network bonds per unit volume, cross-link density and atomic ring size. The Makishima and Mackenzie model appears to be valid for the studied glasses when the fate of BO4 tetrahedra and creation of NBOs are taken into account. (shrink)

Color FilmAs if from darkness, from gloom, from nothing —this moment is sewn through us like a thread —from above our shoulders — from primeval night —a shining river. A flying light.Onto the screen, onto a white calm,onto a cloth, onto the ground of spatial fields,it flies through the eyeless dark,it's as voluminous as seed or salt.And in this theater, where light's been banished,where even streetlight fades away completely,other light channels vibrate,and reflections wander through the eye.The curtains open up — (...) the wings of a gate.The screen shifts our eyes and soulsso that we reach new perspectives,blown by the wind into the changingof colors, landscapes, rooms,we touch fire, earth, water.But no! Not those! And not like that!There's a wall here, the screen's always a wall.So, when the shades are opened and it's over,daylight pours through the aisles,we walk as if from underground corridors,we reach for cigarettes in our pockets.We exit like a flood, like a tide,and start talking again.O reality, blinding and sublime!We learn to love. We learn to see.StanzasThose years are slowly fading.Our house was by the railroad stationwhere engines covered in soot hammeredand invisible locomotives roared at night.Pedestrians passed by our porch,their moods dependent on loveand weather, coats and sorrowscarried over their shoulders, invisibleswords drawn but hesitant — as if awaitingtournament trumpets to launch their lives.The acacia (the one that was cut down later)grew according to a centuries-long spanof rain and sun and, like a lively banner,the windows reflected its green flash.And there was lilac, a skinny creature,diminished from the leaves to the roots.But once a year it flushed numb madlyand flourished although it was in pain.(It's worth mentioning the elderberry —dense, aromatic, and luminous,and how, after trembling on the bush,a rainbow surfaced through the drizzle.)Those lands were also full of winter —Christmassy and audacious, like an invasion,and a piercing whirlwind flew inthrough cold doorways and frozen windows.And in the lanterns oranges burned,buckets clanking through the morning,snow trampled after a blizzard,brown brick ovens roaring inside houses...Those years are fading like those legends,but who will weave us sweeter memories?Elegy for the SixtiesSummer, the smell of a soccer ball, elderberry, currant,couples made out in the evening bushes,and when the twilight descended beyond the river,the stony sidewalks smelled of warm rain.The soccer ball flew over antennas and linden trees,its body leather and cosmic.From grape-covered arbors, with pubescent sobs,songs of the prodigy Robertino spread through the world.The night thickened instantly, the ball meltedin the darkness, lamps lit up in the orchards and porches,a mysterious depth opened in a treetop,the shadows on the faded curtains spoke.The ball never came back: disappeared in the distance.Frogs croaked from neglected fountainsin the park where there were dances every night,where a saxophone wheezed, where they carried knives.The ball remained in the air, and the years unfoldedlike sandy seas, like salty deserts,and spooky carousels horrendously circledand creaked for us, as in a dream, until morning.The Museum of AntiquitiesHow the two of us walkthe cramped labyrinths of an old house!...Tapestries and trumpetsglorify an unknown couple,as if seeingour conspiracy:every toucha warm flash.And then again and againwe passin the mirrors.The clock with blazonsindicates, as always, it's two,and sneaking after usmaybe anguish, maybe a fugue...Passing portraitsand palanquinsan echo of footstepswalks with us.We disappeared somewhere for a long time(for two hundred years?For three hundred?).And when it gets dark,from unheated rooms(I seem to have behaved well,I did nothing wrong),into hot neon lightswe return forever.I carry you in my hand,and life is so vast... (shrink)

El fenómeno de la corrupción es un cáncer que afecta a nuestro país y que es necesario erradicar; éste diluye las oportunidades de desarrollo económico y social, privilegiando la sola conjunción de intereses particulares, de actores políticos en acuerdos no legales en beneficio propio, los cuales derivan en actos de corrupción. Estudios recientes señalan que el nivel de corrupción presente en un sistema político está directamente relacionado con el tipo de estructura institucional que lo defina (Boehm y Lambsdorff, 2009), así (...) como de la ineficacia de los organismos de control (Casar, 2015; Cárdenas, 2010; Rojas, 2010; Carbonell, 2009; Restrepo, 2004), por lo que se requiere de la acción ciudadana para combatir la corrupción (Sandoval, 2010; Villanueva, 2006). Este trabajo, centra nuestra atención en la administración pública federal, presentando como propuesta para empoderar la acción ciudadana en el combate de la corrupción y en el Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción; la figura de Whistleblowers o generador de alerta ciudadana, desde dos principios fundamentales: i) reconociendo la obligación del ciudadano de informar sobre actos de corrupción y ii) el otorgamiento por parte de la autoridad de la protección de testigos. Estas dos acciones derivarán en dos resultados importantes: i) Consolidar la denuncia ciudadana para informar a la sociedad sobre actos de corrupción y ii) y el ejercicio de la libertad de la información a fin de que la sociedad este en posibilidades de ser informada sobre actos de corrupción. Estas acciones permitirán promover y consolidar una cultura de la denuncia de actos de corrupción que pueden ser constitutivos de delito como pilar fundamental en el Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción en México. (shrink)

Els gitanos són una minoria present fa sis segles a Europa. Avui vindiquen el seu lloc en la construcció d’una Europa plural, respectuosa amb les seves minories i sense discriminacions per raó d’ètnia i origen. En la construcció de l’Europa del segle xxi s’ha de comptar amb ells. Tenen una cultura discernible, versàtil, adaptatícia, resistent i resilient. Són una cultura heterogènia, amb una identitat ètnica compartida i difusa. Avui les institucions la reconeixen però, sovint, socialment i política, és qüestionada o (...) rebutjada. La superació dels conflictes culturals existents, només serà possible amb el diàleg intercultural, l’exercici del respecte mutu i una gran paciència històrica.The Roma are a minority present for six centuries in Europe. Today we claim its place in building a pluralistic Europe, respectful of its minorities, without discrimination on grounds of ethnicity and origin. In the construction of the XXI century Europe has to have them. They have a discernible culture, versatile, adaptable and resilient. They are a diverse culture with a shared ethnic identity and diffuse. Today the institutions recognized it but, often, socially and politically, is questioned or denied. Overcome existing cultural conflict is only possible to intercultural dialogue, mutual exercise and great historical patience. (shrink)

This work pres ents Ian Hack ing as a pi o neer of the shift to wards prac tice in the phi los o phy of sci ence. His think ing is marked by di verse net - works of con nec tions. Three as pects are em pha - sized: i) his con cept of lan guage, his tory and knowledge; ii) his position on experi..

Na questão do livre-arbítrio, Raimundo Lúlio parte, sem dúvida, de colocações agostinianas referentes às três potências da alma. Mas o pensador mallorquino vive num mundo onde a noção de individuo adquiriu espaços antes desconhecidos. Entretanto, comparando o pensamento de Lúlio, com o de Abelardo e de Duns Scotus, parece que ele se encontra bem mais próximo de Agostinho que do *individualismo' dos pensadores medievais.

La clase de filosofía, desde la perspectiva del docente, no debe considerarse como una mera actividad transeúnte o predicamental. El presente estudio quiere examinarla, siguiendo la metafísica de la vida de Tomás de Aquino, como una obra vital, que requiere, por un lado, que el profesor se haga una sola cosa —una sola vida, podemos decir— con la doctrina que va a explicar y, por el otro, que esta intelección actual, sin movimiento alguno, dé lugar a la «concepción» y al (...) «parto» de lo entendido en una palabra del corazón, la cual, por su dinamismo intrínseco, tiende, a su vez, a manifestarse exteriormente en una palabra sonora, en un «verbum vocis». Esta exteriorización, por la cual aquella íntima operación que constituye la vida del que filosofa se corporeiza en forma de «diálogo», es, precisamente, la clase de filosofía. La técnica pedagógica debe tener en cuenta el orden intrínseco por el cual la vida humana, mediante la formación de una palabra del corazón, procede a su propia perfección, y no debe olvidar que el perfeccionamiento vital del profesor es causa (instrumental) del perfeccionamiento vital del alumno; es decir, quien no «produce», quien no «engendra», quien no «crea» interiormente lo que está explicando —independientemente de si se trata o no de una novedad— difícilmente ofrecerá unos medios adecuados para que el alumno conciba y dé a luz, en la intimidad de su mente, a un «verbum cordis». (shrink)

Ya en su tesis doctoral, Malabou (1996) empieza a elaborar, a partir de una relectura de Hegel, una noción que recorrerá toda su obra: el concepto de “plasticidad”. En este artículo analizamos las principales apariciones de dicho concepto en los primeros trabajos de la autora francesa. En ella, dialoga especialmente, y de manera declarada, con Hegel, Heidegger y Derrida, prometiendo un concepto de la esencia o la forma que incorpore la diferencia sin negarla. Si bien el concepto de “plasticidad” en (...) la obra de Malabou ha sufrido un giro, según el cual ha entrado en un diálogo abierto con la biología y, más concretamente, con las neurociencias contemporáneas, en el presente artículo veremos su estatuto antes de dicho giro. (shrink)

PENSAMENT POSITIVISTA A CATALUNYA és un conjunt d'estudis sobre la recepció al nostre país de les idees culturals, socials, polítiques i científiques del corrent de categories formulades per August Comte i Émile Littré. L'objectiu de l'estudi que es presenta és mostrar el marc històric i institucional —la funció instructora d'ateneus com el Centre de Lectura reusenc— en què es produeix l'evolució de la concepció positivista de la realitat. La recerca se situa en el context contemporani que abocarà a la industrialització (...) i a l'emergència del moviment obrer i republicà. Pel que fa a l'àmbit del pensament econòmic, el volum estudia el programa de Pere Estasén —relació entre política econòmica i territori—, que duu a plantejar la irrupció del positivisme a Catalunya com una estratègia explicativa que vincula les idees generals a la situació de la vida nacional, tant políticament (catalanisme regeneracionista) com econòmicament (proteccionisme com a via de modernització de les estructures productives). En aquesta línia de coneixement sociològic també cal destacar, com es planteja al llibre, un cert gir humanista del cientisme en l'àmbit de la cultura fisiològica representat per les Monografies Mèdiques. Finalment, arran de la lectura del text, el lector es pot arribar a formular un doble interrogant: si existeix un pensament positivista autòcton o bé si a quest pensament sorgeix de la formalització i aplicació de la idea de progrés en un context determinat. (shrink)

Public participation is increasingly an aspect of policy development in many areas, and the governance of biomedical research is no exception. There are good reasons for this: biomedical research relies on public funding; it relies on biological samples and information from large numbers of patients and healthy individuals; and the outcomes of biomedical research are dramatically and irrevocably changing our society. There is thus arguably a democratic imperative for including public values in strategic decisions about the governance of biomedical research. (...) However, it is not immediately clear how this might best be achieved. While different approaches have been proposed and trialled, we focus here on the use of public deliberation as a mechanism to develop input for policy on biomedical research. We begin by explaining the rationale for conducting public deliberation in biomedical research. We focus, in particular, on the ELS (ethical, legal, social) aspects of human tissue biobanking. The last few years have seen the development of methods for conducting public deliberation on these issues in several jurisdictions, for the purpose of incorporating lay public voices in biobanking policy. We explain the theoretical foundation underlying the notion of deliberation, and outline the main lessons and capacities that have been developed in the area of conducting public deliberation on biobanks. We next provide an analysis of the theoretical and practical challenges that we feel still need to be addressed for the use of public deliberation to guide ethical norms and governance of biomedical research. We examine the issues of: (i) linking the outcomes of deliberation to tangible action; (ii) the mandate under which a deliberation is conducted; (iii) the relative weight that should be accorded to a public deliberative forum vs other relevant voices; (iv) evaluating the quality of deliberation; and (5) the problem of scalability of minipublics. (shrink)

En 1993 y 2012 la poeta irlandesa Mary O’Malley publicó Valparaiso y Where the Rocks Float que edificó alrededor de la figura del mar y de la zona costera irlandesa donde nació. En ambas colecciones, la figura del mar se transforma en un potente agente activo que denuncia el rol de la mujer en la sociedad irlandesa y la explotación de los espacios azules con fines de consumo. Utilizando el análisis de Donna Haraway en Manifiesto cíborg (1985), este artículo analizará (...) una selección de textos de ambos poemarios para estudiar el vínculo entre mujer y mar como agentes activos contra la opresión patriarcal y la explotación capitalista. (shrink)

Cuand o l a edició n d e est e númer o d e lo s Anale s d e l a Cáted r a F r ancisc o Suá r e z estab a a punt o d e ce r rars e no s so r prendi ó e l f allecimient o d e fo r m a repentina e inesperad a d e Nicolá s Lópe z Calera , Directo r d e est a pu b (...) licació n durant e más d e cuarent a años . P ar a tod o e l equip o editoria l qu e fo r mamo s pa r t e d e lo s A CFS s u mue r t e h a signi f icad o un a pérdid a i r repara b l e po r l a huell a imbo r ra b l e qu e su labo r académic a y dedicació n un i v ersitari a h a dejad o entr e todo s nosotros. (shrink)

This essay is an interpretation of the work of Jean-Luc Godard: Histoire du cinéma. There are two main objectives of the text. First, to analyze audio-visual mediations on the political construction of memory. Therefore, I will study the way Jean-Luc Godard´s films articulate the cinematographic history of the Twentieth century, inspired by a central motif: the idea of failure and mourning. Secondly, I´d like to establish a dialogue between the ‘pathologies of memory’ – as reported by Godard in critical connection (...) with the mass-media comsuption regime – and the ‘policies’ of the images and montage, proposed by Walter Benjamin an his ‘dialectics of seeing’. (shrink)

Comme le disent le titre et le sous-titre de l'article, l'auteur centre son attention sur la «proposition» faite par l'encyclique Ut Unum Sint aux responsables d'Eglises et aux théologiens, d'approfondir, en dialogue avec le successeur de Pierre, la distinction entre la «substance» du ministère de Pierre et les «formes d'exercice» qu'il pourrait prendre en fonction de la «nouvelle situation». L'article ne se propose pas de faire un commentaire, encore moins d'analyser en détails, le contenu doctrinal de l'encyclique; il se contente (...) d'examiner la «proposition papale» dans le contexte immédiat de l'encyclique. Cela implique certaines coordonnées quant à la méthode et au contenu, pour qu'un thème aussi brûlant soit situé en vue de porter une lumière nouvelle sur la «fonction papale». Approfondir l'essence du ministère. de Pierre représente un désir profond de la «conscience oecuménique», tant de Paul VI que de Jean Paul II. Celui-ci annonça, dès le début de son pontificat, que la «cause oecuménique» était -comme le rappelle la UUS, n. 99 - «une des priorités pastorales» de son pontificat. L'encyclique réaffirme l'«engagement oécuménique» de toute l'Eglise et du pape en personne. La UUS, «de caractère essentiellement pastoral» , ne se préoccupe pas tant de développer les principes doctrinaux contenus dans les décrets conciliaires que de faire appel avec insistance à la conscience des fidèles chrétiens, afin d'avancer ve. (shrink)

"Desartización", es el término acuñado por T.W. Adorno a fines de los años 50 para referirse al proceso dialéctico por el que el arte va perdiendo progresivamente sus cualidades y rasgos tradicionales -la autonomía que mantuvo desde Diderot a Kant, Schiller y Hegel- para convertirse en otra cosa: en producto de la industria cultural, en víctima de las fuerzas ideológicas que dominan la sociedad administrada y en mera mercancía, es decir, en un producto cosificado que deja de ser un modo (...) esencial de pensar el mundo. El autor entiende el "arte sin fin" como arte sin finalidad, objeto o función, en oposición a las doctrinas ilustradas y románticas, e intenta dar una explicación de la lógica conceptual que rige su planteamiento y su conexión con la evolución cultural. (shrink)

In this work, we propose a computational approach to the triadic model of Peircean semiosis (meaning processes). We investigate theoretical constraints about the feasibility of simulated semiosis. These constraints, which are basic requirements for the simulation of semiosis, refer to the synthesis of irreducible triadic relations (Sign–Object–Interpretant). We examine the internal organization of the triad S–O–I, that is, the relative position of its elements and how they relate to each other. We also suggest a multi-level approach based on self-organization principles. (...) In this context, semiosis is described as an emergent process. Nevertheless, the term ‘emergence’ is often used in a very informal way in the so called ‘emergent’ computation, without clear explanations and/or definitions. In this paper, we discuss in some detail the meaning of the theoretical terms ‘emergence’ and ‘emergent’, showing how such an analysis can lead to improvements of the algorithm proposed. (shrink)

Resumen: En este trabajo analizamos la representación de la Iglesia como aparato ideológico en el desenlace de la novela Capítulos que se le olvidaron a Cervantes, del autor ecuatoriano Juan Montalvo. Nos concentramos en su final, pues entendemos que dicha parte resume las principales representaciones del autor vinculadas a esta institución. El análisis será complementado con una contextualización del origen de la novela y de las premisas ideológicas centrales de Montalvo, apoyándonos en remisiones a algunos de sus trabajos ensayísticos. Asimismo, (...) comentaremos las repercusiones que dichas representaciones tuvieron en la formalización de los dos personajes medulares de su novela. Para atender a estos propósitos, seguiremos los conceptos teóricos de Aparatos Ideológicos del Estado según Althusser y de Ideología y Representaciones Sociales conforme van Djik.: This paper aims to analyse the representation of the Church as an ideological system that can be found in the end of the only novel written by the Equadorian writer Juan Montalvo - Capítulos que se le olvidaron a Cervantes - considering that this part of the book summarizes, in a brief and synthetic way, the main orientations of his social beliefs about the constitution of the Catholic church and its members. The analysis will be based on a contextualization of the origin of the novel and on Montalvo’s main ideological premises, according to some of his essays. Likewise, I will comment the effects that these ideological foundations carried to the conformation of the central characters of the novel. The study is based on the concept of Ideological Systems of the State conceived by Althusser and the idea of Ideology and Social Representations designed by van Djik. (shrink)

Bu araştırma, Birinci Mushaf Projesi’nden yarım asır sonra gerçekleşen önemli bir projeyi ortaya çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu proje, hicrî 84 ve 85 yılları arasında Irak’ın Vâsıt şehrinde zamanın Kûfe ve Basra (Irâkeyn) valisi Haccâc b. Yûsuf’un (ö. 95/714) girişimi ve Emevî Halifesi Abdülmelik b. Mervân’ın desteğiyle uygulamaya koyulmuştur. Projenin yürütülmesini ise Hasan-ı Basrî (ö. 110/728) üstlenmiş ve hafızlar, kâtipler ve kârîler gibi çok sayıda uzman kişiden oluşan komisyonlara başkanlık etmiştir. Bu çalışmada Giriş’in ardından bu projeye yol açan etkenlerden söz edilmiştir. Bunların (...) başında da üçüncü Halife Osman’ın başlattığı Kur’an metninde birliğin sağlanması düşüncesi gelmektedir. Daha sonra bu projenin sahibi Haccâc’tan bahsedilmiş, bu projenin nerede ve ne zaman gerçekleştiği, projede yer alan önemli şahsiyetlerin kimler olduğu şeklindeki bir dizi soru cevaplanmıştır. Daha sonra Proje’nin hedefleri hakkında ayrıntılara girilmiş, Haccâc’ın Osman Mushaf’ında toplam on bir harfte değişiklik yaptığı isnâdında bulunan rivayetler tartışılmış, bu rivayetler incelenerek eleştiri süzgecinden geçirilmiş ve İkinci Mushaf Projesi’nin Hz. Peygamber ve hulefâ-i râşidîn döneminde gerçekleştirilen Birinci Mushaf Projesi’ni tamamlayıcı mahiyette olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ardından İslam devletinin tanık olduğu siyasi çalkantıların ardından İkinci Mushaf Projesi’nin akıbetinin ne olduğu hususuna değinilmiştir. (shrink)

El presente trabajo recoge algunas consideraciones acerca de la significación y el valor teorético del . En la primera parte del trabajo se revisan las implicancias teoréticas del texto y su contexto. La segunda parte presenta el texto original del y una nueva traducción castellana lineal.

Güzellik ve sanat iç içe geçmiş iki kavramdır. Bir bakıma güzellik, sanatın özüdür denilebilir. Her sanat dalında olduğu gibi hat sanatında da güzeli arama arzusu ve eşsiz eserler ortaya koyma çabası, hattatları sabırla çalışmaya ve kendi sınırlarını zorlamaya sevk etmiştir. Bir kitap sanatı olan hüsn-i hattın kelime manasının “güzel yazı” olmasına mukabil, daha iyisini yazmak uğruna harcanan çaba yorucu ve zahmetlidir, ancak sabırla çalışan elbette ki karşılığını alır. Başka bir deyişle “Muhakkak ki Allah güzeldir, güzeli sever!” hadis-i şerifi ışığında bu (...) sanata gönül verenler, yazıyı daha muntazam yazma hususunda büyük ölçüde gayret gösterirler. Kişinin muntazam yazmayı başarması ise, sistematik çalışmasına bağlıdır. Yazıyı kaidelerine uygun ve ölçülü yazabilmek bıkmadan usanmadan, karamsarlığa kapılmadan çalışmakla mümkündür. Bu sebeple gerek öğrenme aşamasında ve gerekse sonrasında, harfler defalarca çalışma kâğıdına yazılarak el melekesi artırılır. Kelimeler ve harfler kâğıda kimi zaman noktalanıp ölçülendirilerek, kimi zaman da noktalanmadan yazılır. Talim amaçlı yapılan bu çalışmalar, başka bir deyişle karalamalar, hat sanatının temeli niteliğindedir. Arap alfabesiyle yazılan ve “karalama” adı verilen el alıştırmaları yazıyla uğraşan kişinin o an irticalen elinden çıkan harf veya kelimelerden oluşur ve çoğu zaman bir anlam ifade etmez. Bu çalışmanın amacı, karalamaların estetik unsurlarını ele almak ve zaman içerisinde uğradığı değişime mercek tutmaktır. Hattatların bu özgür yorumları gün geçtikçe daha fazla önemsenmekte ve hayranlık uyandırmaktadır. Harf bünyesini oluşturan kaidelerin dışında satır ve sınırlara bağlı kalmadan yazılan bu yazılar kendi içinde bir kompozisyon oluşturmakta ve çoğu zaman yazan kişiyi dahi hayrete düşürecek özgün çalışmalar ortaya çıkabilmektedir. (shrink)

El autor trata de determinar si la recepción de G. Vico en el contexto de la cultura rioplatense decimonónica se debió directamente a De Angelis o Michelet, aparentemente influido a su vez por De Angelis. Si la primera idea es plausible, dada la estancia del mismo italiano en la Argentina, entonces la conclusión parece clara: el verdadero papel de De Angelis en la difusión decimonónica de Vico no es un hecho, sino algo desconocido. Sin embargo, el hecho de que algo (...) no se encuentre mostrado por la evidencia documental no impide su existencia ficcional.The author tries to determinate if the reception of G. Vico in the context of the River Plate Culture of the nineteenth century was due directly to De Angelis, or to Michelet, apparently influenced in turn by De Angelis. If the first idea is plausible, through the stay of the Italian himself in the Argentine, then the conclusion seems clear: the true rôle of De Angelis in the spread of Vico in the nineteenth century is an unknown, and not a fact. However, the fact that something is not shown by documentary evidence does not prevent it being fictionally suppoused. (shrink)

En “Los estadios eróticos inmediatos, o el erotismo musical” de O lo uno o lo otro I (OO I) aparece una relación entre la música y los límites del lenguaje, donde ésta es presentada como el límite de la palabra precisamente porque hace referencia a lo demoníaco en el sentido de la fuerza de la naturaleza (Naturmagten). La fuerza de la naturaleza no puede expresarse por medio de la palabra ya que ésta es inmediata y el lenguaje implica una mediación. (...) Por tanto, sostenemos que en OO I, hay un inicio de la problematización del lenguaje y sus límites, en cuyo contexto se entiende lo demoníaco como fuerza de la naturaleza. En este sentido, en OO I, para el pseudónimo A, lo demoníaco representa lo que no puede manifestarse por medio del lenguaje, pero sí por medio de la música. (shrink)

Quins són els valors que regeixen la nostra vida? I per què vivim amb aquests valors i no amb uns altres? «Els valors van cap a on anem nosaltres perquè van amb nosaltres. ¬I mentre fem camí o mentre el busquem, els valors ens alimenten», diu el filòsof.

Como representar, por intermédio de modelo geométrico, diagramático, gráfico ou topológico, o signo e a semiose é uma questão cujo tratamento recorrente, por especialistas na obra de C.S. Peirce, sugere a medida de sua importância. Nossos propósitos aqui são: (i) definir signo e semiose, (ii) definir sumariamente “modelo”, (iii) apresentar diversos modelos da semiose, (iv) relacionar os modelos com algumas constrições derivadas da teoria das categorias de Peirce, e, finalmente, (v) apresentar um modelo baseado no “estruturalismo hierárquico” de S. Salthe. (...) -/- . (shrink)

En este trabajo se analizan las aportaciones de las críticas feministas para el debate actual sobre el papel de los valores no epistémicos en la ciencia. La revitalización de la discusión sobre los valores y la responsabilidad social de la ciencia en las últimas décadas responde a preocupaciones como la crisis de la replicabilidad, la creciente comercialización o el papel de la ciencia para la política. En todas ellas la influencia de valores de carácter no epistémico aparece como problemática. La (...) crítica feminista, no obstante, proporciona ejemplos del funcionamiento de los valores políticos como recursos para una crítica constructiva que, acompañada de reflexividad y capacidad de autocorrección por parte de las comunidades implicadas, puede promover los propios objetivos epistémicos de la ciencia. Utilizaré dos ejemplos bien conocidos, la primatología y la neurociencia cognitiva, para discutir la interacción de lo epistémico y lo no epistémico en las críticas feministas. Los casos analizados servirán también para explorar la propia interacción de valores en la recepción de las críticas y para introducir la discusión sobre el denominado “nuevo problema de la demarcación”. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las relaciones que se establecen entre turismo, ideología y poder. En concreto, se quiere profundizar en la comprensión de los argumentos que legitiman o cuestionan la consideración del turismo como un derecho social. La explicación que se propone se fundamenta en la revisión de documentos publicados por organizaciones que tienen un rol significativo en el sistema turístico. Finalmente, se caracterizan y comparan las posiciones de tres bloques ideológicos: neoliberal, del capitalismo social y altermundista, (...) que pugnan por imponer su definición de la realidad turística y su valoración de lo que debería ser. (shrink)

El presente trabajo, estudia de forma sintética, la metodología y criterios utilizados en los países capitalistas (en este caso el Análisis Beneficio Costo) y socialistas en la cuantificación del excedente generado por las actividades de I+D, en el sector agropecuario como parte del desarrollo sostenible, o sea, la cuestión que se propone analizar es ¿será posible cuantificar el capital ambiental que tiende a ser escaso? ¿Cómo o con que precios evaluar las externalidades? ¿Será que la ciencia económica (en este caso (...) a través de la evaluación de proyectos agropecuarios) tiene alguna respuesta convincente de cómo asignar recursos no renovables? (shrink)